Resumen
La migración es, sin lugar a dudas, un fenómeno global, y cualquier país que pretenda prosperar económicamente en la coyuntura actual debe conceder una gran importancia a sus políticas migratorias. Se están explorando numerosas áreas en el campo de la migración, pero este artículo se centra en la esfera empresarial. Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica que engloba los trabajos realizados por académicos sobre el espíritu empresarial de los migrantes, centrada especialmente en Europa. En este sentido, se ha adoptado la teoría de la inserción mixta de Kloosterman como el enfoque científico principal para este artículo. De este modo, se han diseccionado diversas perspectivas académicas sobre el conjunto del espíritu empresarial de los migrantes en Europa. Este estudio también trata la perspectiva histórica y las oportunidades económicas de la migración en Europa. Además, se analizan en profundidad las publicaciones académicas sobre los determinantes del autoempleo de los migrantes.
Citas
Aiyar S., Barkbu B., Batini N., Berger H., Detragiache E., Dizioli A., Ebeke C., Lin H., Kaltani L., Sosa S., Spilimbergo A. and Topalova P., (2016), ‘The refugee surge in Europe: Economic Challenges’, SDN16/02, IMF Staff Discussion Note 16/02, January 2016.
Aldrich, H. and R. Waldinger (1990), ‘Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship’, Annual Review of Sociology 16: 111-35.
Arenius, P. and M. Minniti (2005), ‘Perceptual Variables and Nascent Entrepreneurs’. Small Business Economics 24: 233-247.
Arjona Garrido, Á., & Checa Olmos, J.C. (2009). Estudios de empresariado inmigrante en España. Revista Del Ministerio Del Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, (80), 255–268.
Arrow KJ (1973) The theory of discrimination. In: Ashenfelter O, Rees A (eds) Discrimination in labour markets. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 3–33.
Baltar, F., & Icart, I. B. (2013). Entrepreneurial gain, cultural similarity and transnational entrepreneurship. Global Networks, 13(2), 200–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12020.
Basu, A. & Altinay, E. (2000). An exploratory study of Turkish Cypriot small businesses in London. Paper presented at the Third International Congress on Cyprus Studies, Gazimagusa, November 13-17.
Bates, T. (1997), Race, Self-Employment and Mobility: An Illusive American Dream. Washington: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
Bauder, H. (2005), ‘Immigrants’ Attitudes towards Self-Employment: The Significance of Ethnic Origin, Rural and Urban Background and Labour Market Context’. RIIM Working Paper Series: Paper No. 05-13. Vancouver Centre of Excellence.
Baycan-Levent, T.; Nijkamp, P. 2005. Determinants of migrant entrepreneurship in Europe, in 45th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, 23–27 August 2005, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Baycan-Levent, T. and Nijkamp, P. (2007) Ethnic entrepreneurship in European cities: a com- parative study of Amsterdam, in: L. P. Dana (Ed.) The Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship: A Co-evolutionary View on Resource Management, pp. 323–336. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Berntsen, L., de Lange, T., Kalaš, I., & Hanoeman, R. (2022). Migrant Entrepreneurship Enablers: From Chance Encounters to Community Development. Work, Employment and Society, 36(2),271–289.
https://doi-org.sabidi.urv.cat/10.1177/09500170211031441
Birman, D. & Trickett, E. J. (2001). Cultural transitions in first-generation immigrants: Acculturation of Soviet Jewish refugee adolescents and parents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 456-477.doi:10.1177/0022022101032004006.
Busenitz, L. W. and C. Lau (1996), ‘A Cross-cultural Cognitive Model of New Venture Creation’. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 20(4): 25-39.
Butler, J.S. and C. Herring (1991), ‘Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in America: Toward an Explanation of Racial and Ethnic Group Variations in Self-Employment’. Sociological Perspectives 34(1): 79-94.
Cànoves, G., & Blanco Romero, A. (2009). Turismo, mercado de trabajo e inmigración en España: un análisis de la situación en las Comunidades de Murcia, Canarias, Valencia y Andalucía. Tourism, Employment and Immigration in Spain. An Analysis of the Situation in the Communities of Murcia, the Canary Islands, Valencia and Andalusia, 50, 259–280.
Cea d’Ancona, M. Á., & Valles Martínez, M. (2009). Evolución del racismo y la xenofobia 09en España. Informe 2009. http://www.mitramiss.gob.es/oberaxe/ficheros/documentos/EvolucionRacismoXenofobiaEspana_Informe2009.pdf
Clark, K. and S. Drinkwater (1998), ‘Pushed Out or Pulled in? Self-employment among Ethnic Minorities in England and Wales’, paper presented at the ‘International Conference on Self-Employment’, Burlington, 24-26 September 1998. Available at www.ciln.mcmaster.ca/papers/seconf/pushed.pdf.
Constant, E., Y. Schachmurove and K.F. Zimmermann (2003), ‘What makes an entrepreneur and does it pay? Native men, Turks and other migrants in Germany’, IZA Discussion Paper No. 940.
Constant, E. and K.F. Zimmermann (2004), ‘The Making of Entrepreneurs in Germany: Are Native Men and Immigrants Alike?’ IZA Discussion Paper Series: Paper No. 1440.
Élteto, A. (2011). Immigrants in Spain - their role in the economy and the effects of the crisis. Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 11(2), 66–81.
European Investment Bank. (2016). Migration and the EU - challenges opportunities, the role of EIB. 46.
Evans, M.D.R. (1989), ‘Immigrant Entrepreneurship: Effects of Ethnic Market Sise and Isolated Labour Poor’. American Sociological Review 54(6): 950-962.
Ferrie, J. P., & Hatton, T. J. (2015). Two centuries of international migration. Handbook of the Economics of International Migration, 1(7866), 53–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53764-5.00002-5.
Fotopoulos, G. and N. Spence (2000), ‘Regional Variations of Firm Births, Deaths and Growth Patterns in the UK, 1980-1991’. Growth and Change 32: 151-173.
Guarnizo, L., A. Portes and W. Haller (2003) ‘Assimilation and transnationalism: determinants of transnational political action among contemporary migrants’, American Journal of Sociology, 108 (6), 1121–48.
Güell, B. (2016). The backstage of Pakistani businesses in Barcelona: unravelling strategies from the ground. South Asian Diaspora, 8(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/19438192.2015.1092296.
Hammarstedt, M. (2001), ‘Immigrant self-employment in Sweden - its variations and some possible determinants’. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 13 (2): 147-161.
Hatton, T. J. and Williamson, J. G. (2005). Global Migration and the World Economy: Two centuries of Policy and Performance. Cambridge MA, MIT Press.
Irastorza, N. and I. Peña (2006), ‘Venture Survival of Immigrant versus Local Entrepreneurs in the Basque Country’, paper presented at the ‘XX RENT Conference, ECSB’, Brussels, 22-24 November 2006.
Irastorza, N. and I. Peña (2007), ‘Entrepreneurial Activity of Immigrants versus Natives in Spain: Are Immigrants more Enterprising than Natives?’, paper presented at the ‘Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference’, Madrid, 7-9 June 2007.
Irastorza, N. (2010). Born Entrepreneurs? : Immigrant Self-Employment in Spain. Born Entrepreneurs? :Immigrant Self-Employment in Spain, January 2010. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789089642431.
Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., Liebkind, K. , Jaakkola, M. , Reuter, A. (2006). Perceived discrimination, social support networks, and psychological well-being among three immigrant groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(3), 1– 19.
Jones, T., & Ram, M. (2007). Re-embedding the ethnic business agenda. Work, Employment and Society, 21(3), 439–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017007080007.
Kloosterman, R.; van der Leun, J.; Rath, J. 2002. Mixed embeddedness: (in)formal economic activities and immigrant business in Netherlands, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26(3): 252–266.
Kloosterman, R. C. (2010). Matching opportunities with resources: A framework for analysing (migrant) entrepreneurship from a mixed embeddedness perspective. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 22(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903220488.
Kloosterman, R., & Rath, J. (2001). Immigrant entrepreneurs in advanced economies: Mixed embeddedness futher explored. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830020041561.
Kofman, E., A. Phizacklea, P. Raghuram and R. Sales (2005), Gender and International Migration in Europe: Employment, Welfare and Politics. London: Routledge.
Lee, L., P. Wong and Y. Ho (2004) ‘Entrepreneurial Propensities: The Influence of Self- Efficacy, Opportunity Perception and Social Network’. NUS Working Paper 2004/02. NUS Entrepreneurial Centre, Singapore.
Levie, J. (2007), ‘Immigration, In-Migration, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom’. Small Business Economics 28: 143-169.
Light, I. (1972), Ethnic Enterprise in America. Berkley and London: University of California Press.
Marques, C. S. E., R. Galvão, A., Mascarenhas, C., & Pinto, D. (2022). The importance of immigrant and return migrant entrepreneurship in the development of a low-density region. Strategic Change, 31(2), 259-268. doi:10.1002/jsc.2494.
Morawska, E., 2004, Immigrant Transnational Entrepreneurs in New York: Three varieties and their correlatesÕ, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 10(5), 325–348.
Masurel, E.; Nijkamp, P.; Vindigni, G. 2004. Breeding places for ethnic entrepreneurs: a comparative marketing approach, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 16(2): 77–86.
Mata, F. and R. Pendakur (1999), ‘Immigration, Labour Force Integration and the Pursuit of Self-employment’. International Migration Review 33 (2): 378-402.
Min, P.G. (1988), Ethnic Business Enterprise: Korean Small Business in Atlanta. Staten Island, NY: Center for Migration Studies.
Mingione, E. 2002. Introduction: immigrants and the informal economy in European cities, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26(3): 209–311.
Mitchell, R., B. Smith, E. Morse, K. Seawright, A. Peredo and B. McKenzie (2002a), ‘Are Entrepreneurial Cognitions Universal? Assessing Entrepreneurial Cognition across Cultures’. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer 2002: 9-32.
Mitchell, R., L. Busenitz, T. Lant, P. McDougall, E. Morse and B. Smith (2002b), ‘Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research’. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Winter: 93-104.
Morales, L. and I. Peña (2003), ‘Dinamismo de nuevas empresas y clusters naturales. Evidencia de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco 1993-1999’. Ekonomiaz 53: 160-183.
Nardinelli, Clark and Curtis Simon (1990). “Customer Racial Discrimination in the Market for Memorabilia: The Case of Baseball.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105 (3) (Aug), pp. 575-595.
Oliver Alonso, J. (2011). El mercado de trabajo de la immigración 2007 - 2010: los cambi- os 2009/ 2010 en el marco de la crisis. Anuario CIDOB de La Inmigración En España, 2010, 131–164.
Oliver Alonso, J. (2013). La immigracion y la doble recesión del mercado de trabajo en España 2011-12. Anuario CIDOB de La Inmigración.
Ortega, F. and Peri, G, (2012). “The Effect of Income and Immigration Policies on International Migration”. Boston, NBER Working Paper 18322.
Pardo, P.A., & Varela, M.V. (2009). El empresariado étnico en el municipio de A Coruña: Redes socio-espaciales de su asentamiento desde la etnografía urbana. Zainak. Cuadernos de Antropología-Etnografía, 32, 1185–1207.
Parker, S. C., Congregado, E., & Golpe, A. A. (2012). Is entrepreneurship a leading or lagging indicator of the business cycle? Evidence from UK self-employment data. International Small Business Journal, 30(7), 736–753. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242612437560.
Paul Lassalle, Martin Johanson, John D. Nicholson, Milena Ratajczak-Mrozek,
Migrant entrepreneurship and markets: The dynamic role of embeddedness in networks in the creation of opportunities, Industrial Marketing Management, Volume 91, 2020, Pages 523-536, ISSN 0019-8501,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.04.009.
Razin, E. (1999), ‘Immigrant entrepreneurs and the urban milieu: evidence from the U.S., Canada and Israel’, RIIM Working Paper Series: Paper No. 99-1, Vancouver Centre of Excellence.
Riddle L, Hrivnak GA, Nielsen TM (2010) Transnational diaspora entrepreneurship in emerging markets: bridging institutional divides. J Int Manag 16(4):398–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2010.09.009.
Rodríguez, L. C. (2002). Desafíos de la “juventud inmigrante” en la nueva “españa inmigrante.” Estudios de Juventud, 60/03, 9–32.
Rubio, P. (2005). Estrategias de los comercios étnicos en Barcelona, España. Política y Cultura, 34(23), 257–278.
Sala, A. L., & Criado, M. J. (2005). Carlota Sole y Sonia Parella Negocios etnicos. Los comercios de ios inmigrantes no comunitarios en Cataiuna. http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/PDF/REIS_116_191169801650221.pdf.
Schuetze, H.J. (2005), ‘The Self-Employment Experience of Immigrants to Canada’. RIIM Working Paper Series. Paper No. 05-24. Vancouver Centre of Excellence.
Seale, P. (1987). from the SAGE Social Science Collections . All Rights. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9(2), 183–205. http://hjb.sagepub.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/9/2/183.full.pdf.
Sequeira, J., Carr, J. and Rasheed, A. (2009), “Transnational entrepreneurship: determinants of firm type and owner attributions of success”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 1023-1044.
Set up your company and get the Spanish Entrepreneurship Visa. (n.d.). Https://Balcellsgroup.Com/. Retrieved March 21, 2021, from https://balcellsgroup.com/set-up-your-company-and-get-the-spanish-entrepreneur-visa/
Simon, G. 1993. Immigrant entrepreneurs in France. London: Transaction Publishers.
Solano, G., Schutjens, V. & Rath, J. Multifocality and opportunity structure: towards a mixed embeddedness model for transnational migrant entrepreneurship. CMS 10, 3 (2022). https://doi-org.sabidi.urv.cat/10.1186/s40878-021-00270-0
Solé, C., & Parella, S. (2005). Negocios étnicos.
Stalker, P. 2002. Migration trends and migration policy in Europe, International Migration 40(5): 151– 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00215.
Stinchcombe, A.L. (1965), ‘Social Structure and Organisations’ in J.G. March (ed.), Handbook of Organisations, 142-92. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Uhlaner, L. and R. Thurik (2003), ‘Post-Materialism: A Cultural Factor influencing Total Entrepreneurial Activity across Nations’. SCALES Paper N200321. EIM Business and Policy Research.
Van Stel, A., D. Storey and R. Thurik (2006), ‘The Effect of Business Regulations on Nascent and Young Business Entrepreneurship’. SCALES Paper H200609. EIM Business and Policy Research.
Verheul, I.; Wennekers, S.; Audretsch, D.; Thurik, R. 2001. An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship: policies, institutions and culture, Research Report 0012. Zoetermeer: EIM.
Verheul, Ingrid & Stel, André & Thurik, Roy. (2006). Explaining Female and Male Entrepreneurship at the Country Level. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development. 18. 10.1080/08985620500532053.
Vitores, M., Fernández, M., & Caro, R. (2020). Migrant Entrepreneurship in Spain: a Systematic Review. RIEM. Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.25115/riem.v10i1.3823.
Wagner, J. and R. Sternberg (2004), ‘Start-up Activities, Individual Characteristics and the Regional Milieu: Lessons for Entrepreneurship Support Policies from German Micro- data’. The Annals of Regional Science Spring.
Ward, R. and R. Jenkins (1984) Ethnic Communities in Business: Strategies for Economic Survival. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wegge, S. A. (1998). “Chain Migration and Information Networks: Evidence from Nineteenth- Century Hesse-Cassel”. Journal of Economic History 58, 957-986.
Wegge, S. A. (2002). “Occupational Self-selection of European Emigrants: Evidence from Nineteenth Century Hesse-Cassel”. European Review of Economic History 6, 365-394.
Wood, R. and A. Bandura (1989), ‘Social Cognitive Theory of Organisational Management’, Academy of Management Review 14 (3): 361-384.
Zimmermann, K.F., A. Constant and Y. Schachmurove (2003), ‘What Makes an Entrepreneur and Does it Pay? Native Men, Turks and Other Immigrants in Germany’, IZA Discussion Paper Series: Paper No. 940.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2022 Revista Internacional de Organizaciones